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These Group financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adopted by the European Union. They are prepared on the basis of all IFRSs and Interpretations that are mandatory for periods ending 31 March 2006 and in accordance with applicable United Kingdom law and Article 4 of the IAS Regulation. The 2005 comparative financial information has also been prepared on this basis, with the exception of certain standards, details of which are given below, for which comparative information has not been restated.
In respect of the comparative financial information disclosed, IFRS 1 requires that estimates made under IFRS must be consistent with estimates made for the same date under generally accepted accounting principles in the United Kingdom (UK GAAP) except where adjustments are required to reflect any differences in accounting policies.
The Group financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the recording of pension liabilities and revaluation of certain financial instruments from 1 April 2005 onwards.
These Group financial statements are presented in pounds sterling.
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The Group’s transition date to IFRS is 1 April 2004. The rules for first-time adoption of IFRS are set out in IFRS 1 ‘First-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards’. In preparing the Group’s first IFRS financial statements, these transition rules have been applied to the amounts reported previously under UK GAAP. IFRS 1 generally requires full retrospective application of the Standards and Interpretations in force at the first reporting date. However, IFRS 1 allows certain exemptions in the application of particular Standards to prior periods in order to assist companies with the transition process. National Grid has applied the following exemptions:
Other choices made on the adoption of IFRS:
In preparing these financial statements, the Group has complied with all IFRSs applicable for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.
In addition the Group has adopted the following amendments to standards:
Amendment to IAS 1 ‘Presentation of Financial Statements’
The amendment requires new disclosures about entities’ management of their capital resources and compliance with capital requirements.
Amendment to IAS 19 ‘Employee Benefits: Actuarial Gains and Losses, Group Plans and Disclosures’
The principal impact of adopting the amendment is that actuarial gains and losses in respect of the Group’s defined benefit schemes are recognised in the statement of recognised income and expense and additional disclosures regarding the schemes have been provided.
Amendment to IAS 39 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement: Cash Flow Hedge Accounting of Forecast Intragroup Transactions’
In consolidated financial statements, the amendment allows the foreign currency risk of a highly probable forecast intragroup transaction to qualify as a hedged item provided that the transaction is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity entering into that transaction and the foreign currency risk will affect consolidated profit or loss.
IFRS 7 ‘Financial Instruments: Disclosures’
This replaces the disclosure requirements in IAS 32 ‘Financial Instruments: Presentation and Disclosure’ and locates in one place all disclosures relating to financial instruments. The new requirements incorporate many of IAS 32’s disclosures as well as additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures on the risks arising from financial instruments.
International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) 4 ‘Determining whether an arrangement contains a lease’ provides guidance on determining whether arrangements which convey the right to use an asset in return for a series of payments should be accounted for in accordance with IAS 17 ‘Leases’. Implementation of this Interpretation is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s results or assets and liabilities.
IFRIC 5 ‘Rights to Interests arising from Decommissioning, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation Funds’ addresses the issues of how a contributor to such a fund should account for its interest in the fund and how obligations to make additional contributions should be accounted for. The Group has no such funds and therefore adoption of IFRIC 5 would have no impact on the Group.
IFRIC 8 ‘Scope of IFRS 2’ addresses the issue of whether IFRS 2 ‘Share Based Payment’ applies to transactions in which the entity cannot identify specifically some or all of the goods or services received. Implementation of this Interpretation is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s results or assets and liabilities.
IFRIC 9 ‘Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives’ prohibits reassessment of the treatment of embedded derivatives subsequent to initial recognition unless there is a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that otherwise would be required under the contract, in which case reassessment is required. Implementation of this Interpretation is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s results or assets and liabilities.
The Group financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (Group undertakings), together with the Group’s share of the results, assets and liabilities of jointly controlled entities (joint ventures) using the equity method of accounting, where the investment is carried at cost plus post-acquisition changes in the Group’s share of net assets of the joint venture, less any provision for impairment. A subsidiary is defined as an entity controlled by the Company. Control is achieved where the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. A joint venture is an entity established to engage in economic activity, which the Group jointly controls with its fellow venturers.
Losses in excess of the Group’s interest in joint ventures are not recognised, except where the Group has made a commitment to make good those losses.
Where necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies used under relevant local GAAP in the individual financial statements of the Company, subsidiaries and joint ventures into line with those used by the Group under IFRS. Inter-company transactions are eliminated.
The results of subsidiaries and joint ventures acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the Group income statement from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.
Acquisitions are accounted for using the purchase method, where the purchase price is allocated to assets and liabilities on a fair value basis and the remainder recognised as goodwill.
Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency of the Group undertaking concerned are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at closing exchange rates. Other non-monetary assets are not retranslated unless they are carried at fair value.
As set out in note (p) below, as permitted by IFRS 1, prior to 1 April 2005 the Group adopted UK GAAP for hedge accounting and, consequently, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies were translated at hedged rates instead of closing exchange rates.
Gains and losses arising on retranslation of monetary assets and liabilities are included in the income statement.
On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of the operations that have a functional currency different from the Group’s presentation currency are translated at exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the weighted average exchange rates for the period. Exchange differences arising are classified as equity and transferred to the Group’s translation reserve.
Goodwill arising on a business combination represents the excess of the cost of acquisition over the Group’s interest in the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of a subsidiary or joint venture at the date of acquisition.
Goodwill is recognised as an asset and is not amortised, but is reviewed for impairment at least annually. Any impairment is recognised immediately in the income statement and is not subsequently reversed.
Goodwill recorded under UK GAAP arising on acquisitions before 1 April 2004, the date of transition to IFRS, has been frozen at that date, subject to testing for impairment.
Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing exchange rate.
With the exception of goodwill, as described above, identifiable intangible assets are recorded at cost less accumulated amortisation and any provision for impairment.
Internally generated intangible fixed assets, such as software, are recognised only if an asset is created that can be identified; it is probable that the asset created will generate future economic benefits; and that the development cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Where no internally generated intangible asset can be recognised, development expenditure is recorded as an expense in the period in which it is incurred.
On a business combination, as well as recording separable intangible assets possessed by the acquired entity at their fair value, identifiable intangible assets that arise from contractual or other legal rights are also included in the balance sheet at their fair value.
Intangible assets, other than goodwill, are amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic useful lives. Amortisation periods for categories of intangible assets are:
| Amortisation periods for categories of intangibles | Years |
|---|---|
| Software | 3 to 5 |
| Telecommunication licences | 10 to 25 |
| Acquired customer relationships | 10 to 25 |
Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost or deemed cost at the date of transition to IFRS, less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses.
Cost includes payroll and finance costs incurred which are directly attributable to the construction of property, plant and equipment as well as the cost of any associated asset retirement obligations.
Property, plant and equipment includes assets in which the Group’s interest comprises legally protected statutory or contractual rights of use.
Additions represent the purchase or construction of new assets, including capital expenditure for safety and environmental assets, and extensions to, enhancements to, or replacement of existing assets.
Contributions received towards the cost of property, plant and equipment are included in creditors as deferred income and credited on a straight-line basis to the income statement over the estimated economic useful lives of the assets to which they relate.
No depreciation is provided on freehold land and assets in the course of construction.
Other property, plant and equipment are depreciated, principally on a straight-line basis, at rates estimated to write off their book values over their estimated useful economic lives. In assessing estimated useful economic lives, which are reviewed on a regular basis, consideration is given to any contractual arrangements and operational requirements relating to particular assets. Unless otherwise determined by operational requirements, the depreciation periods for the principal categories of property, plant and equipment are, in general, as shown below:
| Depreciation periods for category of assets | Years |
|---|---|
| Plant and machinery | |
| Electricity transmission plant | 15 to 60 |
| Electricity distribution plant | 15 to 60 |
| Interconnector plant | 15 to 60 |
| Gas plant - mains, services and regulating equipment | 30 to 100 |
| Gas plant - storage | 40 |
| Gas plant - meters | 10 to 33 |
| Wireless towers/infastructure | 20 to 55 |
| Freehold and leasehold buildings | up to 65 |
| Motor vehicles and office equipment | up to 10 |
Impairments of assets are calculated as the difference between the carrying value of the asset and its recoverable amount, if lower. Where such an asset does not generate cash flows that are independent from other assets, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which that asset belongs.
Recoverable amount is defined as the higher of fair value less costs to sell and estimated value in use at the date the impairment review is undertaken.
Value in use represents the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually. Otherwise, tests for impairment are carried out only if there is some indication that the carrying value of the assets may have been impaired.
Impairments are recognised in the income statement and, where material, are disclosed separately.
Current tax asset and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.
Deferred tax is provided using the balance sheet liability method and is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit.
Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised on all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilised. Such assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or from the initial recognition (other than a business combination) of other assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the accounting profits nor the taxable profits.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognised on taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and jointly controlled entities, except where the Group is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the liability is settled or the asset is realised, based on the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax is charged or credited to the income statement, except where it relates to items charged or credited directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity.
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each balance sheet date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be recovered. Unrecognised deferred tax assets are reassessed at each balance sheet date and are recognised to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities, and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Group intends to settle its current tax asset and liabilities on a net basis.
Investment tax credits are amortised over the economic life of the asset which gives rise to the credits.
Cash flows and operations that relate to a major component of the business that has been sold or is classified as held for sale are shown separately from the continuing operations of the Group.
Non-current assets (and disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. No depreciation is charged on assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale.
Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost comprises direct materials and, where applicable, direct labour costs as well as those overheads that have been incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Provision is made for decommissioning and environmental costs, based on future estimated expenditures, discounted to present values. Where appropriate, the establishment of a provision is recorded as part of the original cost of the related property, plant and equipment.
Changes in the provision arising from revised estimates or discount rates or changes in the expected timing of expenditures that relate to property, plant and equipment are recorded as adjustments to their carrying value and depreciated prospectively over their remaining estimated useful economic lives, otherwise such changes are recognised in the income statement.
The unwinding of the discount is included within the income statement as a financing charge.
Revenues primarily represent the sales value derived from the transmission and distribution of energy and recovery of US stranded costs together with the sales value derived from the provision of other services, including wireless infrastructure services, to customers during the year and excludes value added tax and intra-group sales.
US stranded costs are various generation-related costs that the Group incurred prior to the divestiture of generation assets beginning in the late 1990s and the Group is recovering these costs over the period up to 2011.
The recovery of stranded costs and other amounts allowed to be collected from customers under regulatory arrangements are recognised in the period in which they are recoverable from customers.
Revenues include an assessment of energy and transportation services supplied to customers between the date of the last meter reading and the year end, exclude inter-business and inter-company transactions, and are stated net of value added tax and similar sales based taxes.
Where revenues received or receivable exceed the maximum amount permitted by regulatory agreement and adjustments will be made to future prices to reflect this over-recovery, no liability is recognised. Similarly no asset is recognised where a regulatory agreement permits adjustments to be made to future prices in respect of an under-recovery.
For defined benefit retirement schemes, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at each balance sheet date.
Current service cost is recognised in operating costs in the period in which the defined benefit obligation increases as a result of employee services.
Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in full in the period in which they occur in the Statement of Recognised Income and Expense.
Past service costs are recognised immediately to the extent that benefits are already vested. Otherwise such costs are amortised on a straight-line basis over the period until the benefits vest.
Settlements are recognised when the Group enters into a transaction that eliminates all further legal or constructive obligations for benefits under a scheme.
Curtailments are recognised when the group is committed to a material reduction in the number of employees covered by a scheme.
The retirement benefit obligations recognised in the balance sheet represent the present value of the defined benefit obligations, as reduced by the fair value of scheme assets and any unrecognised past service cost.
The expected return on scheme assets and the unwinding of the discount on defined benefit obligations are recognised within interest income and expense respectively.
Rentals under operating leases are charged to income on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease.
Assets held under finance leases are recognised at their fair value or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments on inception, and depreciated over their useful economic lives. The corresponding liability is recognised as a finance lease obligation within borrowings. Rental payments are apportioned between finance costs and reduction in the finance lease obligation, so as to achieve a constant rate of interest.
Financial assets, liabilities and equity instruments are classified according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Group after deducting all of its liabilities and is recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.
Trade receivables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost, less any appropriate allowances for estimated irrecoverable amounts. A provision is established for irrecoverable amounts when there is objective evidence that the Group will not be able to collect all amounts due under the original payment terms. Indications that the trade receivable may become irrecoverable would include financial difficulties of the debtor, likelihood of the debtor’s insolvency, and default or significant failure of payment.
Loans receivable and other receivables are carried at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Interest income, together with gains and losses when the loans and receivables are derecognised or impaired, are recognised in the income statement.
Other financial investments are initially measured at cost including transaction costs, but with effect from 1 April 2005 are subsequently carried at fair value. Changes in the fair value of investments classified at fair value through profit and loss are included in the income statement, while changes in the fair value of investments classified as available-for-sale are recognised directly in equity, until the investment is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in equity is included in the net profit or loss for the period. Investment income on investments classified at fair value through profit and loss and on available-for-sale investments is recognised in the income statement as it accrues.
Interest-bearing loans and overdrafts are recorded at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs plus accrued interest less any repayments, and subsequently stated at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds after direct issue costs and the redemption value is recognised in the income statement over the life of the borrowing. Prior to 1 April 2005, accrued interest is presented as part of current liabilities and not combined with the principal amounts payable.
Derivative financial instruments are recognised initially at fair value, and are subsequently also measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are included in the income statement to the extent hedge accounting is not applied.
Subsequent to initial recognition, the fair values of financial instruments measured at fair value that are quoted in active markets are based on bid prices for assets held and offer prices for issued liabilities. When independent prices are not available, fair values are determined by using valuation techniques which refer to observable market data. These include comparison with similar instruments where market observable prices exist, discounted cash flow analysis, option pricing models and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants.
Finance charges, including premiums payable on settlement or redemption and direct issue costs, are accounted for on an accruals basis using the effective interest rate method.
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets (being assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale) are added to their cost. Such additions cease when the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. All other borrowing costs are recognised in the income statement in the period in which they are incurred.
All regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on the trade date, being the date that the Group commits to purchase or sell the assets. Regular way transactions require delivery of assets within the time frame generally established by regulation or convention in the marketplace.
The Group enters into both derivative financial instruments (derivatives) and non-derivative financial instruments in order to manage its interest rate and foreign currency exposures and commodity price risks in respect of expected energy usage. The principal derivatives used include interest rate swaps, forward rate agreements, currency swaps, forward foreign currency contracts, interest rate swaptions and indexed swap contracts relating to the purchase of energy.
All derivative transactions are undertaken, or maintained, with a view to managing the interest, currency or commodity price risks associated with the Group’s underlying business activities and the financing of those activities.
With effect from 1 April 2005, derivatives are carried in the balance sheet at their fair value. Commodity contracts that meet the definition of a derivative and which are not used for normal purchase normal sale requirements are also carried at fair value.
From 1 April 2005, the accounting policy for hedge accounting is described below. Disclosures on the impact of implementing IAS 39 at 1 April 2005 are set out in note 2.
Changes in the carrying value of financial instruments that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash flows (cash flow hedges) are recognised directly in equity and any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. Amounts deferred in equity in respect of cash flow hedges are subsequently recognised in the income statement in the same period in which the hedged item affects net profit or loss. Where a non-financial asset or a non-financial liability results from a forecasted transaction or firm commitment being hedged, the amounts deferred in equity are included in the initial measurement of that non-monetary asset or liability.
Changes in the carrying value of financial instruments that are designated as hedges of the changes in the fair value of assets or liabilities (fair value hedges) are recognised in the income statement. An equal and opposite amount is recorded as an adjustment to the carrying value of hedged items, with a corresponding entry in the income statement, to the extent that the change is attributable to the risk being hedged and that the fair value hedge is effective.
Exchange gains or losses arising on financial instruments that are designated and effective as hedges of the Group’s net investment in overseas operations (net investment hedges) are recorded directly in equity, with any ineffective portion recognised immediately in the income statement. Amounts deferred in equity in respect of net investment hedges are subsequently recognised in the income statement in the event of the disposal of the overseas operations concerned.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the income statement as they arise, within finance costs. Remeasurements of commodity contracts carried at fair value are recognised in the income statement, with changes due to movements in commodity prices recorded in operating costs and changes relating to movements in interest rates within finance costs.
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, exercised, or no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. At that time, any cumulative gains or losses relating to cash flow hedges recognised in equity are initially retained in equity and subsequently recognised in the income statement in the same periods in which the previously hedged item affects net profit or loss. For fair value hedges, the cumulative adjustment recorded to the carrying value of the hedged item at the date hedge accounting is discontinued, is amortised to the income statement using the effective interest rate method.
If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in equity is transferred to the income statement immediately.
Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments or other host contracts are treated as separate derivatives when their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of host contracts and the host contracts are not carried at fair value with unrealised gains or losses reported in the income statement.
Prior to 1 April 2005, the Group adopted UK GAAP for hedge accounting and for derivatives. Derivatives used for hedging purposes were not recorded on the balance sheet as assets or liabilities. Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies were retranslated at hedged rates instead of closing rates. Exchange gains and losses relating to the hedge of the net investment in overseas subsidiaries were recorded directly in equity.
As permitted by the provisions of IFRS 1, the comparative balance sheet and income statement for the year ended 31 March 2005 have not been restated to reflect either the adoption of IAS 39 or IAS 32.
Costs arising from Group restructuring programmes primarily relate to redundancy costs. Redundancy costs are charged to the income statement in the year in which the Group becomes irrevocably committed to incurring the costs and the main features of the restructuring plan have been announced to affected employees.
The Group issues equity-settled share-based payments to certain employees.
Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Group’s estimate of shares that will eventually vest.
Exceptional items are credits or charges relating to non-recurring transactions that are material, by virtue of their size or nature, and therefore relevant to understanding the Group’s financial performance and are shown separately to provide a better indication of the underlying results of the Group.
Remeasurements are gains or losses arising from movements in the carrying value of commodity contracts and of financial instruments, principally derivatives, which provide economic hedges but do not achieve hedge accounting or are ineffective under IAS 39, and are shown separately to provide a better indication of the underlying results of the Group.
Other operating income includes profits or losses arising on the disposal of properties by the Group’s property management business, which is considered to be part of the normal recurring operating activities of the Group.
Emission allowances are recorded as an intangible asset within current assets and are initially recorded at deemed cost. For allocations of emission allowances granted to the Group by the UK Government, cost is measured as fair value at the date of allocation. Receipts of such grants are treated as deferred income and are recognised in the income statement over the period to which they relate. A provision is recorded in respect of the Group’s obligation to deliver emission allowances and charges are recognised in the income statement in the period in which carbon dioxide emissions are made.
Cash and cash equivalents include cash held at bank and in hand, together with short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of less than three months that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and subject to an insignificant change in value.
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Information about such judgements and estimation is contained in the accounting policies and/or the Notes to the Accounts, and the key areas are summarised below.
Areas of judgement that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements:
Key sources of estimation uncertainty that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year: